These systems largely endure to this day, except in the United Kingdom, where courts repealed mandatory IDs in 1952. In 1940, the Vichy government in France instituted an ID system as well, as in Greece and Poland. The German government also instituted an ID system that year (although these cards contained information about residents’ religion for discriminatory purposes). In 1938, lawmakers in the United Kingdom passed the National Registry Act, which mandated that all residents possess identity cards. World War II initiated the contemporary era of ID cards. Yet few countries would adopt national ID cards until the shock of World War II. Hence, early identity cards were adopted to consolidate state institutions. Starting in 1839, Sultan Mahmud II, impressed by the success of the Napoleonic reforms for building state capabilities, introduced national ID cards to the Ottoman empire in 1844. As he clarified property rights and created new bureaucratic offices, he also introduced a system of internal ID documents for workers in 1803-1804.Īlthough the French passcards were intended for workers, the Napoleonic reforms prompted other countries to implement more comprehensive ID systems. Napoleon sought to streamline the central government in France after the revolutionary period between 17. One precursor to national ID cards emerged in 19th century France. In this blog, we trace out this evolution of ID cards worldwide. In short, what is striking about national ID cards is how debate over their merits has varied over space and time. In others, the cards can arouse heated controversy. In some countries, identity cards are seen as uncontroversial,even boring, documents. National ID cards can provoke diverse reactions.
“ID card adoption is more likely following economic or political shocks”
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